Online Radicalisation Among Youth: An Invisible Crisis

Photo Source: Vecteezy

In recent years, the number of young people becoming radicalised and involved in extremist or terrorist activities has significantly increased. According to an article by NOS Nieuwsuur dated August 8, 2024, a large portion of recent attackers and suspects in the Netherlands and Europe are minors—often between the ages of 12 and 20, and sometimes even younger. Experts and organisations such as the Public Prosecution Service and the Dutch Child Protection Board have raised the alarm over this development. The article describes how teenagers are increasingly being arrested on suspicion of preparing attacks, driven by both jihadist and far-right ideologies. This trend is confirmed by similar reports from Belgium and Germany, where young people are also involved in planning violent actions.

Media Examples

The NOS Nieuwsuur report aligns with previous news coverage illustrating the rapid radicalisation of youth. Strikingly, this often involves very young teenagers: in 2024, dozens of youths aged 12 to 20 came to the attention of Dutch law enforcement for spreading terrorist propaganda or preparing attacks. Among them are youths as young as 14 already involved in extremist online networks. The National Support Centre for Extremism reports that many right-wing extremist youths are between 14 and 18 years old, while the Netherlands Youth Institute states that radicalisation most commonly occurs between the ages of 14 and 23. As early as 2021, NOS reported that youths were being drawn into extremist groups through meme accounts on Instagram, where the sharing of seemingly innocent content evolved into the adoption of radical beliefs. The collective picture from these reports shows that the age of suspects is decreasing, and that radicalisation is happening faster and more covertly than before.

The Role of Social Media in the Radicalisation Process

Social media play a central role in the radicalisation of young people, especially minors and young adults between 12 and 20 years old. Through platforms like Instagram, TikTok, Discord, Telegram, and even gaming platforms such as Roblox, youths can easily come into contact with extremist ideas and groups. The speed and accessibility with which they gain exposure to this content leads to what experts refer to as “flash radicalisation”: young people can be swept up into an extremist worldview within weeks or months. The anonymity and lack of oversight on some platforms make it difficult to detect these processes in time. The NOS Nieuwsuur article emphasises that the digital world enables young people to connect with extremist networks more easily, often without parents or teachers noticing.

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Logo examples of Social Media Apps

Examples of Apps and Platforms That Facilitate Radicalisation

Various reports and news articles indicate that certain apps and platforms play a significant role in spreading extremist propaganda, particularly among youths aged 12 to 20. Instagram, TikTok, Discord, Telegram, and Roblox are specifically named as channels where young people are exposed to extremist messages. Additionally, internet forums like 4chan and 8chan are notorious for the unfiltered sharing of racist, sexist, and violent content. In private chat groups on Telegram and Discord, more explicit and violent content is often shared, while on mainstream platforms like TikTok and Instagram, extremist messages are sometimes disguised as memes or subtle references, making them less likely to be flagged by moderators or recognised by parents. The NOS Nieuwsuur article highlights that this digital infrastructure provides fertile ground for fast and hidden radicalisation.

Indicators of Radicalisation Among Young People

Early recognition of radicalisation is crucial to intervene before young people resort to violent or extremist behaviour. Warning signs of an emerging or advanced radicalisation process may include sudden withdrawal from social circles, significant behavioural changes, or the expression of new, extreme viewpoints. These signals can occur suddenly and unexpectedly in young people aged 12 to 20. They may, for example, form new online contacts with strangers, spend excessive time on certain platforms, or begin using new symbols and jargon associated with extremist movements. It’s important to note that not every signal necessarily points to radicalisation, but a combination of several factors can be cause for concern and a reason to engage in further dialogue.

What Can Parents Do to Prevent Radicalisation?

Because radicalisation often begins invisibly and partly online, it is crucial for parents to remain alert to the aforementioned signs. Strengthening protective factors is essential: a strong parent-child relationship, active involvement in the child’s life, and recognition of positive behaviour are key. Parents should try to understand what their children are doing online and have open conversations about their digital experiences and interests. Actively involving young people in sports clubs, cultural activities, or other communities can offer positive alternatives and strengthen their social bonds. Additionally, parents should be vigilant for behavioural or interest changes and seek professional help if needed. The Netherlands Youth Institute advises not to focus solely on banning certain apps, but rather on building trust and providing alternatives to radical groups.

What Can Schools Do to Prevent Radicalisation?

Schools also play a vital role in identifying and preventing radicalisation. Since teachers and mentors interact with students daily, they are often the first to notice changes in behaviour, signs of exclusion, or expressions of extreme opinions. Schools can foster a safe and open environment in which students feel seen and heard, making them less susceptible to extremist influences. Preventative programmes such as civic education and media literacy can help build resilience against online propaganda and polarisation. Furthermore, schools should collaborate with external partners such as youth services, community teams, and the police to intervene early when signs of radicalisation arise. By encouraging open dialogue and allowing space for differing opinions, schools can help prevent exclusion and strengthen social cohesion in the classroom.

Conclusion

The rise of teenage terrorists, as described in the NOS Nieuwsuur article of August 8, 2024, underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to youth radicalisation. Social media has made it easier than ever for young people to be exposed to extremist ideas and groups—often without adult supervision. Timely recognition of radicalisation signals, both at home and at school, is essential to protect and guide young people. By being actively involved in their children’s online lives, having open conversations, and providing alternatives, parents can help strengthen youth resilience. At the same time, schools can play a key role by creating a safe environment, providing education, and spotting problems early. Only through cooperation and active support can we mitigate the negative impact of social media on radicalisation and contribute to a resilient, inclusive society.

As an Radicalisation and Terrorism Expert, I provide support to parents, schools, and organisations dealing with these challenges. This can take the form of consultancy, training and workshops, development of prevention policies, or guidance in individual cases. Do you need expert support or want to learn more about the signs of radicalisation and effective interventions? Feel free to get in touch for a no-obligation conversation or customised advice. Together, we can work towards a safe and resilient environment for young people.